Effects of dietary fat intake could

Effects of dietary fat intake could not be distinguished from that of Return to Tiffany Heart tag choker intake by the WD. However, equal caloric WD feeding still increased tumor formation (Lipkin M., personal communication). WD-fed mice were heavier and had more intraperitoneal fat than controls. Obesity is associated with increases in many cancers, including colorectal cancer (35). Possible mechanisms include insulin resistance and failure to control plasma glucose levels (36), resulting in increased proliferation of colonic epithelial cells (37). Obesity also is associated with chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, coronary arterioles (38), and possibly in the colon, and results in hyperleptinemia, which can increase colon carcinogenesis (39). This study shows increased colonic and circulating leptin levels in WD-fed mice. Besides being a growth factor for colonic epithelial cells (40), leptin also promotes inflammation (41) and Tiffany Notes Pendant of ROS by increasing fatty acid oxidation (42), all factors enhancing tumor formation.

In summary, our studies show that a WD feeding for 3 or 6 mo, known to enhance colon carcinogenesis, principally induces oxidative stress-responsive genes and decreases colonic cysteine: cystine ratios. The WD stimulated expression of lipid metabolism genes, suggesting direct effects upon colonic epithelial cells. The WD also Tiffany 1837 Ring macrophage numbers in the colonic lamina propria. Combining these data suggests that macrophage recruitment and oxidative stress is a potential early mechanism underlying the carcinogenic effect of the WD.